{"id":2716,"date":"2022-03-18T15:13:37","date_gmt":"2022-03-18T13:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/memoria.montserrat.es\/leuropa-dels-anys-30\/"},"modified":"2023-02-21T15:51:22","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T13:51:22","slug":"europa-entreguerras","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/memoria.montserrat.es\/es\/la-segunda-republica\/europa-entreguerras\/","title":{"rendered":"La Europa de entreguerras: fascismo y antifascismo"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00bbno\u00bb type=\u00bbfull_width\u00bb angled_section=\u00bbno\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00bb z_index=\u00bb\u00bb css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1666114903375{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 80px !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}\u00bb el_class=\u00bb.imatge_fons\u00bb][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb type=\u00bbgrid\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb padding_top=\u00bb50%\u00bb][vc_column_inner width=\u00bb1\/6″ css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647631464667{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: -100px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;}\u00bb offset=\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00bb][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.num_capitol\u00bb]01[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00bb7\/12″ css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647631470542{margin-left: -100px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}\u00bb offset=\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00bb][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.titol_capitol\u00bb]<\/p>\n

La Europa de entreguerras:
\nfascismo y antifascismo<\/span><\/h1>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00bb1\/4″ offset=\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00bb][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.etiqueta_mare\u00bb]<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

SEGUNDA<\/span>REP\u00daBLICA<\/h3>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb type=\u00bbfull_width\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647632187031{margin-left: 2% !important;}\u00bb][vc_column_inner offset=\u00bbvc_hidden-lg vc_hidden-md\u00bb css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647632140819{margin-top: 50px !important;}\u00bb][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.num_capitol_mobile\u00bb css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647632154516{margin-bottom: 50px !important;}\u00bb]01[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.titol_capitol_mobile\u00bb]<\/p>\n

La Europa de entreguerras:
\nfascismo y antifascismo<\/span><\/h1>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bb.etiqueta_mare\u00bb]<\/p>\n

SEGUNDA<\/span>REP\u00daBLICA<\/h3>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb type=\u00bbfull_width\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=\u00bb54″ img_size=\u00bbfull\u00bb alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb qode_css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb type=\u00bbgrid\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1647628966339{margin-top: 30px !important;margin-right: 2% !important;margin-left: 2% !important;}\u00bb][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]La crisis diplom\u00e1tica iniciada a finales de junio de 1914, se convirti\u00f3 hasta 1918 en una Guerra Mundial, puesto que todos los continentes se vieron afectados. La revoluci\u00f3n tecnol\u00f3gica de producci\u00f3n en masa, la capacidad de movilizaci\u00f3n de los estados (unos 65 millones de combatientes) y la estrategia militar de la guerra de trincheras, convirtieron este conflicto en una cat\u00e1strofe humana sin precedentes: unos 10 millones de militares muertos y siete entre los civiles, millones de mutilados, afectados por el trauma de guerra, refugiados, violencia de g\u00e9nero\u2026<\/p>\n

La Gran Guerra cambi\u00f3 el mapa de Europa. La derrota de los imperios Ruso y Austro-H\u00fangaro supuso su desintegraci\u00f3n y la aparici\u00f3n de 28 nuevos estados democr\u00e1ticos (Yugoeslavia, Austria\u2026) patrocinados por Estados Unidos en los tratados de paz. En la Rusia de los zares, el triunfo de la revoluci\u00f3n comunista en 1917, inaugur\u00f3 una de las principales se\u00f1as de identidad del siglo XX, entre la fascinaci\u00f3n y el repudio contrarrevolucionario que se extendi\u00f3 a cualquier proyecto reformista, adem\u00e1s de separar al comunismo de la socialdemocracia.<\/p>\n

Esta expansi\u00f3n de la democracia y los nuevos medios de comunicaci\u00f3n y ocio como el cine, la radio, la m\u00fasica o el deporte (f\u00fatbol, Olimpiadas) generaron una sociedad de masas de car\u00e1cter cosmopolita en la que tambi\u00e9n participaban activamente la clase obrera y las mujeres con el auge del sufragismo, a trav\u00e9s de la prensa, la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica y las elecciones.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, la inhumanidad de la guerra provoc\u00f3 una \u201ccultura del pesimismo\u201d que cuestionaba los ideales liberales de progreso y tolerancia, una \u201ccultura de la violencia\u201d en la pol\u00edtica y una \u201ccultura del miedo\u201d como el anticomunismo o el rechazo contra la emigraci\u00f3n (como la Ley Seca en Estados Unidos). En este contexto apareci\u00f3 el fascismo, una revoluci\u00f3n conservadora antidemocr\u00e1tica y antisocialista. Promov\u00eda la unidad de la sociedad alrededor de una comunidad nacional cohesionada a trav\u00e9s del populismo, la propaganda, un partido \u00fanico y un l\u00edder carism\u00e1tico. Para la oposici\u00f3n, se reservaba la violencia y la exclusi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Aunque el fascismo hab\u00eda triunfado en Italia con Benito Mussolini (1922), la Gran Depresi\u00f3n iniciada en 1930 favoreci\u00f3 su extensi\u00f3n. La crisis econ\u00f3mica produjo millones de parados, sin una red social que los amparase y la destrucci\u00f3n de la clase media. As\u00ed, las \u00fanicas alternativas parec\u00edan venir del cuestionamiento de la democracia desde el totalitarismo. El fascismo alcanzaba el poder en Alemania en 1933, e influ\u00eda en los partidos de derecha y en las dictaduras que crec\u00edan por Europa. Por otra parte, la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica comunista se presentaba como el \u201cPara\u00edso de los trabajadores\u201d con su proyecto igualitario pero totalitario.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00bb\u00bb row_type=\u00bbrow\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00bbno\u00bb type=\u00bbfull_width\u00bb angled_section=\u00bbno\u00bb text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00bb][vc_column][vc_masonry_media_grid element_width=\u00bb3″ gap=\u00bb10″ item=\u00bb263″ grid_id=\u00bbvc_gid:1676889994153-19b82971-ecf3-6″ include=\u00bb4261,4263,4265,4267,4269,4271,4273,4275,4277,4279,4281,4283,4285,4287,4289,4291,4293,4295,4297,4299″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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